Since ChatGPT launched in November 2022 there has been a flurry of activity around generative AI and journalism.
First, a period of quiet experimentation and the writing of guidelines. Now, many are slightly more vocal on their plans for the new technology – whether they are planning to incorporate it into editorial workflows, like Gizmodo, or not, like The Guardian.
And, most recently, news and picture publishers are beginning to make licensing deals with AI companies as others continue to ponder whether to litigate or negotiate over the use of their content to train generative AI model.
Here we have created a round-up of the latest deals, legal threats, guidelines, and uses of generative AI in journalism.
More Press Gazette coverage on generative AI and journalism:
Deals between generative AI companies and publishers
As of 14 July, the Associated Press and Shutterstock were the only major news companies to have agreed deals with OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT.
The Associated Press has signed a two-year deal that will let OpenAI train its generative AI tools on the news agency’s historical content.
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AP said the deal showed OpenAI respected the value of their intellectual property. A number of other news publishers are said to be in discussions about similarly receiving payment for the use of their content in the training of AI tools.
The deal, which follows a similar arrangement between OpenAI and picture agency Shutterstock (see below), allows OpenAI to license part of AP’s text archive while the agency can “leverage OpenAI’s technology and product expertise”.
They said they would together look at potential uses for generative AI in news products and services. However AP made clear it is not using generative AI in its news stories.
Kristin Heitmann, AP senior vice president and chief revenue officer, said: “Generative AI is a fast-moving space with tremendous implications for the news industry. We are pleased that OpenAI recognizes that fact-based, nonpartisan news content is essential to this evolving technology, and that they respect the value of our intellectual property.
“AP firmly supports a framework that will ensure intellectual property is protected and content creators are fairly compensated for their work. News organizations must have a seat at the table to ensure this happens, so that newsrooms large and small can leverage this technology to benefit journalism.”
Days earlier, photo agency Shutterstock signed a new six-year agreement with OpenAI, allowing the ChatGPT creator to use its data for training.
The deal gives OpenAI access to Shutterstock’s image, video and music libraries and associated metadata as training data, while Shutterstock gets priority access to the latest OpenAI technology and will continue to incorporate DALL-E’s text-to-image generator tool in its website as well as add the ability for customers to edit and enhance any picture in its library.
Will other deals be struck between ChatGPT and publishers?
Some of the world’s biggest news publishers are in discussions over potential licensing payments for the use of their content by AI companies.
News Corp, Axel Springer, The New York Times and The Guardian have all met at least one of OpenAI, Google, Microsoft and Adobe, the Financial Times reported last month.
Chris Moran, head of editorial innovation at The Guardian, noted in an interview with Press Gazette that the newsbrand has “operated an open platform for a number of years, an API, which people can absolutely pay for to get a stream of our content in a legitimate way to build a business on. But none of these companies have been to us to ask to use that and that in itself is interesting. So, yes, we are thinking about what the value of our content is in this environment.”
News Corp CEO Robert Thomson has also called for compensation to publishers for their content being harvested and scraped to train AI engines, as well as for the information snippets in AI-powered search results that “contain all the effort and insights of great journalism but designed so the reader will never visit a journalism website”.
He said he wants as many media companies as possible to derive value and that it should not be solely a sweetheart deal for the biggest publishers.
Round-up of generative AI in journalism guidelines/principles
Many major publishers have published versions of their guidelines or principles about how they will think about the potential uses of generative AI in their newsrooms.
Common themes, as assessed by two academics, include oversight – making sure humans have the final say on all content, transparency – so that any uses of AI are clearly labelled to readers, and citing what the strategic intentions of any use would be, including boosting efficiency so that journalists can spend more time on original work.
Latest generative AI experiments and launches in news publishing
Axel Springer
Axel Springer has created a global generative AI team drawn from editorial, product, tech and business who will lead its efforts on identifying and leveraging the potential uses of AI.
It is one of several developments at the publisher since mid-June signalling its appetite for moving quickly in this area. It has also created news plugins for ChatGPT in the OpenAI store for German news media brands Bild and Welt, meaning users can ask questions to find out the latest news if they have a ChatGPT Plus subscription.
Bild’s deputy editor-in-chief Timo Lokoschat said: “Artificial intelligence not only supports journalistic work, but also creates new access for our readers…”
Axel Springer also made headlines when it announced plans to make about 200 people redundant at Bild in a digital-only transition that would involve an “AI offensive”.
Staff were told in an email that this would mean “the functions of editorial managers, page editors, proofreaders, secretaries and photo editors will no longer exist as they do today”.
Chief information officer Samir Fadlallah subsequently told Reuters the changes would have positives for journalists: “For newsrooms, AI opens up new paths and freedoms. Journalists can outsource tedious work to AI and devote more time and energy to their core tasks… We see great potential in generative AI to provide our readers and users with even more attractive and individually tailored products.”
Gizmodo
Technology website Gizmodo published an inaccurate AI-generated article about Star Wars and staff were vocal in their displeasure.
The article, bylined Gizmodo Bot, was headlined: “A Chronological List of Star Wars Movies & TV Shows.” However the list was not in chronological order. It has since been amended.
Gizmodo deputy editor James Whitbrook explained on Twitter that the article had been published by someone outside of editorial, adding: “No one employed at [entertainment vertical] io9 or Gizmodo looked at or interacted with the piece at any point of its creation prior to or after its release.”
Gizmodo Media Group Union claimed that the AI rollout had been “pushed by” the company’s chief executive, editorial director and deputy editorial director.
Whitbrook wrote that the article “rejects the very standards this team holds itself to on a daily basis as critics and as reporters.
“It is shoddily written, it is riddled with basic errors: in closing the comments section off, it denies our readers, the lifeblood of this network, the chance to publicly hold us accountable, and to call this work exactly what it is: embarrassing, unpublishable, disrespectful of both the audience and the people who work here, and a blow to our authority and integrity.
“It is shameful that this work has been put to our audience and to our peers in the industry as a window to G/O’s future, and it is shameful that we as a team have had to spend an egregious amount of time away from our actual work to make it clear to you the unacceptable errors made in publishing this piece.”
Man of Many
Australian men’s lifestyle website Man of Many has launched an AI chatbot called Ask MoM, developed with Chatling.ai.
The publisher said the chatbot, which will only deliver information that has been published on the Man of Many website, was “designed to offer personalised, instant responses to user queries, reducing search fatigue and significantly improving reader engagement”.
Man of Many also claimed to have been the first major publisher to have launched a ChatGPT plugin in the OpenAI store, having gone live ahead of Axel Springer.
Users need a ChatGPT Plus subscription to access it, but can interact with Man of Many content in a conversational way, asking questions on topics like products, culture and style.
The publisher said the tool is also designed to drive traffic back to the site by offering previews of content and suggesting users click through for the full thing.
Reuters
International news agency Reuters has added AI-powered discoverability features to its video content on its content marketplace Reuters Connect.
It said AI would apply automated transcripts, translation and identification of public figures to Reuters video content and make it easier for clients to find what they need.
Reuters said its applied innovation team built the features by “finely tuning machine learning models to consistently produce the highest quality automated analysis of Reuters video”.
Shutterstock
Ahead of its deal with OpenAI, Shutterstock announced it would fully indemnify its Enterprise customers for the license and use of generative AI images on its platform.
It said: “Shutterstock will fulfill indemnification requests on demand via human review with the intent to protect its customers against potential claims related to their use of generative AI images created and licensed on shutterstock.com.”
General counsel John Lapham said: “We’re at an inflection point in the use of generative AI technology as business professionals are seeking more assurance around their rights to legally use AI-generated content, and creators of original content want to ensure their work is fairly licensed for use.
“We have always sought to manage risk for our customers and are uniquely positioned to bring a commercially viable image generator to market and indemnify its outputs, because of our relationship with artists and intimate understanding of the complexities of licensing.”
Taboola
Taboola has made its generative AI capabilities, which include creating copy and content for ads, available to all its advertisers who run campaigns in English.
The AI-powered content recommendation engine said it has carried out a successful beta test in which some brands “more than doubled the click through rate for their campaigns when measured against evergreen campaigns – driving more customers, improving efficiency and refining their long-term advertising strategy based on Taboola’s AI-driven suggestions”.
The platform said the tech would help advertisers produce original titles, headlines and images leveraged on best practice as it would learn from previous successful campaigns.
Taboola’s chief executive Adam Singolda said it had become clear “generative AI is an important next step for every advertiser”.
Buzzfeed
In March, Buzzfeed used generative AI to create 44 travel guides which were widely derided as bland and formulaic. Futurism described the articles as “comically bland”. They appear here under the headline: “As told to Buzzy the Robot“. Buzzfeed uses ChatGPT technology under licence to power personalised quizzes.
Future
Future is using OpenAI technology to power a chatbot which answers questions about content on the technology site Tom’s Hardware.
Reach
Reach is running a beta experiment in My News Assistant, an AI-powered website that aggregates the thousands of articles published daily across Reach’s more than 80 online brands.
Aftonbladet
Sweden’s largest daily newspaper Aftonbladet has tested news stories “rapped” by an AI service at the suggestion of a youth panel.
Despite what he called the “rather cringey” result, Aftonbladet’s deputy editor-in-chief Martin Schori said the paper hoped to “provoke a debate” about creating news content that appeals to younger audiences.
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